A material made mainly of natural or synthetic fibers. Modern textile products may be prepared from a number of combinations of fibers, yards, films, sheets, foams, furs, or leather. They are found in apparel, household and commercial furnishings, vehicles, and industrial products. See also Manufactured fiber; Natural fiber.
The term fabric may be defined as a thin, flexible material made of any combination of cloth, fiber, or polymer (film, sheet, or foams); cloth as a thin, flexible material made from yarns; yarn as a continuous strand of fibers; and fiber as a fine, rodlike object in which the length is greater than 100 times the diameter. The bulk of textile products are made from cloth.
The natural progression from raw material to finished product requires: the cultivation or manufacture of fibers; the twisting of fibers into yarns (spinning); the interlacing (weaving) or interlooping (knitting) of yarns into cloth; and the finishing of cloth prior to sale.
The conversion of staple fiber into yarn (spinning) requires the following steps: picking (sorting, cleaning, and blending), carding and combing (separating and aligning), drawing (reblending), drafting (reblended fibers are drawn out into a long strand), and spinning (drafted fibers are further attenuated and twisted into yarn).
The process of weaving allows a set of yarns running in the machine direction (warp) to be interlaced with another set of yarns running across the machine (filling or weft). The weaving process involves four functions: shedding (raising the warp yarns by means of the appropriate harnesses); picking (inserting the weft yarn); battening (pushing the weft into the cloth with a reed); and taking up and letting off (winding the woven cloth onto the cloth beam and releasing more warp yarn from the warp beam).
Knit cloth is produced by interlocking one or more yarns through a series of loops. The lengthwise columns of loops are known as the wales, and the crosswise rows of loops are called courses. Filling (weft) knits are those in which the courses are composed of continuous yarns, while in warp knits the wale yarns are continuous.
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